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However, the focus on the Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb Strait mainly concerns conventional threats, such as anti-ship ballistic missiles, one-way attack drones, and waterborne explosive devices used by Houthi forces. Yet a lesser-discussed risk exists,...

By a simple geographical definition, the Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. With a huge surface area, the entire Red Sea, formed by the Arabian Peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa, possesses a...

At other times, it is not honoured at all. After three-quarters of a century, it is easy to forget the hot ideal that streaks through the document: that it contains, as Christopher Bentram aptly remarks, “a kind of substitute citizenship” for...

The federal government’s de facto sphere of control is confined to Mogadishu and a few satellite towns: essentially a metropolis with a diplomatic corps and a demoralised, ineffectual army.Absent a dramatic change in direction, likely near-term...

Washington and Riyadh accuse these groups of carrying out drone attacks against Saudi oil facilities, while the militias say they are resisting U.S. and Israeli influence in the region. Over the past two decades, these factions have evolved from...

The event, held in Accra last week, was easy to overlook if one expected a conventional military conference. It was not about weapons systems, battlefield tactics, or counterterrorism operations in the narrow sense.Yet the gathering mattered because...

Rather than focusing on managing the consequences of an attack (“the boom”), this doctrine shifts the state’s effort toward the preparatory stages of a terrorist plot, before a group or cell acquires the capabilities needed to carry it out. As...

Conflicts in Ukraine, Russia and the Middle East have demonstrated that unmanned aerial vehicles costing only hundreds or thousands of dollars can now threaten oil refineries, power plants, export terminals, pipelines and ports worth billions.The...

Yet what drew the greatest attention from international observers was not simply the result itself, but the way it confirmed changes that had already been unfolding elsewhere. Football rarely exists in isolation. The fortunes of a national team often...

Eight decades after its founding, the UN faces a world in which geopolitical rivalry is inseparable from geoeconomic competition, in which economic coercion has become a standard instrument of statecraft, and in which multilateral institutions are...

Whether in healthcare, finance, or education, AI is becoming increasingly common nowadays. AI has accelerated the transformation by introducing new technologies and weapons in terrorist activities. AI has not only advanced the weaponry of terrorist...

Botswana has no stake in the conflict and is not a major player in Middle Eastern politics. Yet when tensions rise between Tehran and Tel Aviv, many Batswana are eventually hit by price increases in imported products, transport fares, and fuel. So,...

What does a missile exchange between Iran and Israel have to do with the price of a taxi ride in Gaborone? At first glance, very little. Botswana has no stake in the conflict and is not a major player in Middle Eastern politics. Yet when tensions...

As a result, the increased attention to Africa by external powers in both political and economic terms can be attributed to these features. Due to the growing geopolitical importance of Africa, there has been increasing competition among superpowers...

This article explores the role of mercenaries and private military contractors (PMCs) in contemporary African conflicts, highlighting their benefits, such as providing military expertise and flexibility, alongside the exploitation they often...