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Rather than focusing on managing the consequences of an attack (“the boom”), this doctrine shifts the state’s effort toward the preparatory stages of a terrorist plot, before a group or cell acquires the capabilities needed to carry it out. As...

Conflicts in Ukraine, Russia and the Middle East have demonstrated that unmanned aerial vehicles costing only hundreds or thousands of dollars can now threaten oil refineries, power plants, export terminals, pipelines and ports worth billions.The...

Yet what drew the greatest attention from international observers was not simply the result itself, but the way it confirmed changes that had already been unfolding elsewhere. Football rarely exists in isolation. The fortunes of a national team often...

Eight decades after its founding, the UN faces a world in which geopolitical rivalry is inseparable from geoeconomic competition, in which economic coercion has become a standard instrument of statecraft, and in which multilateral institutions are...

Whether in healthcare, finance, or education, AI is becoming increasingly common nowadays. AI has accelerated the transformation by introducing new technologies and weapons in terrorist activities. AI has not only advanced the weaponry of terrorist...

Botswana has no stake in the conflict and is not a major player in Middle Eastern politics. Yet when tensions rise between Tehran and Tel Aviv, many Batswana are eventually hit by price increases in imported products, transport fares, and fuel. So,...

What does a missile exchange between Iran and Israel have to do with the price of a taxi ride in Gaborone? At first glance, very little. Botswana has no stake in the conflict and is not a major player in Middle Eastern politics. Yet when tensions...

As a result, the increased attention to Africa by external powers in both political and economic terms can be attributed to these features. Due to the growing geopolitical importance of Africa, there has been increasing competition among superpowers...

This article explores the role of mercenaries and private military contractors (PMCs) in contemporary African conflicts, highlighting their benefits, such as providing military expertise and flexibility, alongside the exploitation they often...

The Strait is not just a waterway; it is the heart of the global energy system. If it were to fully shut down, the effects would not be limited to oil markets or the region's geopolitics. It would disrupt the reasoning behind globalisation...

However, while oil is a physical resource, data is an infinite by-product of human activity generated through every digital interaction. While the Industrial Revolution was built on the extraction of minerals and labour from colonised countries, the...

In places like Sudan and parts of the Middle East, the use of drone attacks has grown, especially in the densely populated regions, with reports of over 500 civilians being killed in the initial months of 2026 alone. Markets, residential areas, and...

This assumption of unlimited abundance shaped maritime law, global trade, and coastal economies in the same way. But nowadays, that historical error has come back to haunt us. Illegal fishing, previously regarded as a regulatory inconvenience, has...

His academic profile, as an adviser at the US State Department and at USAID on religion and foreign policy, gives him a strong grasp of both scholarly debates and policy practiceMandaville and Jon Hoffman lays the conceptual foundation in his first...

Oil does not move through a war zone just because a tanker is physically capable of sailing. It moves only when financiers, charterers, cargo owners, and insurers accept the risk. That is why the Joint War Committee, the International Underwriting...